Caregiver perception of speech quality in patients with ankyloglossia: comparison between surgery and non-treatment

Publication date: Available online 18 January 2019

Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology

Author(s): Srihari Daggumati, Jason E. Cohn, Matthew J. Brennan, Marissa Evarts, Brian J. McKinnon, Alyssa R. Terk

Abstract

Objectives

Our objective was to determine if there are differences in caregiver perception of speech for patients that undergo frenulectomy compared to patients that were not surgically treated.

Introduction

Ankyloglossia is a controversial topic without standardized treatment guidelines. Although there have been several studies suggesting that breastfeeding does improve after frenulectomy, there is a paucity of literature that investigates the relationship between ankyloglossia and speech.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted to identify patients with ankyloglossia. Patients were categorized into surgical treatment (frenulectomy) and non-treatment groups. Caregivers of both groups were contacted by phone and surveyed on speech quality and tongue mobility using Likert scores. Mann Whitney-U testing was used to determine if there were significant differences in perceived speech quality between the surgical and non-surgical groups.

Results

The caregivers of seventy-seven patients participated in the phone survey: 46 (60%) children in the surgical group and 31 (40%) children in the non-surgical group who participated in the phone survey. There were no differences in difficulty with speech (p=0.484) and tongue mobility (p=0.064) between the two groups. However, patients that underwent surgical intervention for ankyloglossia reported less difficulty with tongue tasks (p<0.001) compared to those who were not surgically treated. Additionally, 50% of patients that underwent surgery had a documented family history of ankyloglossia which was significantly higher than 16.1% in the non-surgical group (p=0.002).

Conclusions

It appears that children with ankyloglossia might have similar speech quality following frenulectomy in comparison to speech quality without treatment. Children who undergo frenulectomy may experience improvements in tongue tasks. This data should encourage further research on the management of speech concerns in children with ankyloglossia.

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Treatment of military acoustic accidents with N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC)

. (Source: International Journal of Audiology)

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Low-intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over prefrontal cortex in an animal model alters activity in the auditory thalamus but does not affect behavioural measures of tinnitus.

This study used a guinea pig model of hearing loss and tinnitus to investigate effects of low-intensity rTMS (LI-rTMS) over PFC on tinnitus and spontaneous activity in auditory thalamus. In addition, immunohistochemistry for calbindin and parvalbumin in PFC was used to investigate the possible mechanism of action of LI-rTMS. Three treatment groups were compared: sham treatment, LI, low frequency (1 Hz) or LI, high frequency (10 Hz) rTMS (10 min/day, 2 weeks, weekdays only). None of the treatments affected the behavioural measures of tinnitus but spontaneous activity was significantly increased in auditory thalamus after 1 Hz and 10 Hz treatment. Immunostaining showed significant effects of rTMS on the density of calcium-binding protein expressing neurons in the dorsal regions of the ...

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Treatment of military acoustic accidents with N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC)

. (Source: International Journal of Audiology)

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Low-intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over prefrontal cortex in an animal model alters activity in the auditory thalamus but does not affect behavioural measures of tinnitus.

This study used a guinea pig model of hearing loss and tinnitus to investigate effects of low-intensity rTMS (LI-rTMS) over PFC on tinnitus and spontaneous activity in auditory thalamus. In addition, immunohistochemistry for calbindin and parvalbumin in PFC was used to investigate the possible mechanism of action of LI-rTMS. Three treatment groups were compared: sham treatment, LI, low frequency (1 Hz) or LI, high frequency (10 Hz) rTMS (10 min/day, 2 weeks, weekdays only). None of the treatments affected the behavioural measures of tinnitus but spontaneous activity was significantly increased in auditory thalamus after 1 Hz and 10 Hz treatment. Immunostaining showed significant effects of rTMS on the density of calcium-binding protein expressing neurons in the dorsal regions of the ...

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Editorial Board

Publication date: February 2019

Source: Archives of Oral Biology, Volume 98

Author(s):

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Effect of Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Associated with Fluoride on the Control of Enamel Erosion Progression

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: Archives of Oral Biology

Author(s): Vilmara Rocha Mendes da Silva, Ítallo Emídio Lira Viana, Raquel Marianna Lopes, Denise Maria Zezell, Taís Scaramucci, Ana Cecília Corrêa Aranha

Abstract

Objective

To evaluate the effect of Er,Cr:YSGG laser associated or not with acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) on the control of enamel erosion progression. Design: Enamel slabs (4 mm × 4 mm×2 mm) from bovine incisors were flattened, polished, and received a tape on their test surfaces, leaving a 4 mm x 1 mm area exposed. Specimens were eroded (10 min in 1% citric acid solution) and randomly assigned into 8 experimental groups (n = 10): Control (no treatment); F (APF gel, 1.23% F, pH 3.6-3.9); Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation (P1: 0.25 W, 20 Hz, 2.8 J/cm², 56 W/cm²); Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation (P2: 0.50 W, 20 Hz, 5.7 J/cm², 113,6 W/cm²); Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation (P3: 0.75 W, 20 Hz, 8.5 J/cm², 170,4 W/cm²); F + Laser P1; F + Laser P2; F + Laser P3. Specimens were then subjected to erosive cycling (5 min immersion in 0.3% citric acid solution, followed by immersion in artificial saliva for 60 min; 4×/day for 5 days). At the end of cycling, surface loss (SL, in μm) was determined with optical profilometry. Selected specimens were further evaluated by environmental scanning electron microscopy (n = 3). Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey tests (α = 0.05). Results: Group F + Laser P2 had the lowest SL value, differing significantly from the control; however, with no significant difference from the other groups. All groups, except F + Laser P2, showed no significant difference in SL when compared with the control. An irregular and rough surface, suggestive of a melting action of laser, was observed on enamel in Laser P2 and F + Laser P2 groups. Conclusions: Association of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser in parameter 2 with fluoride was the only treatment capable of controlling the progression of enamel erosion.

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Cellular senescence in dental pulp stem cells

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: Archives of Oral Biology

Author(s): Christian Morsczeck

Abstract

Objective

This short review summarizes our current knowledge about dental stem cell aging and about possible targets for the regulation of cellular senescence.

Design

A literature search was performed using a combination of keywords, e.g., stem cells, replicative senescence, differentiation potential, dental pulp, dental follicle and periodontal ligament

Results

Previous studies have shown that cellular senescence occurs while the proliferation of dental stem cells. Moreover, the differentiation potential was significantly decreased in senescent stem cells and senescent cells secrete also factors that are harmful to the adjacent tissue cells. Moreover, many targets for the regulation of cellular senescence are considered; for example pathways related to the nutrient sensing such as the 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway.

Conclusions

The regulation of cellular senescence will play a crucial role in the clinical use of stem cells. However, there is no cell culture protocol available that prevents dental stem cell senescence. Therefore, more knowledge about molecular processes in stem cells is needed before and after the induction of senescence.

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Editorial Board

Publication date: February 2019

Source: Archives of Oral Biology, Volume 98

Author(s):

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Effect of Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Associated with Fluoride on the Control of Enamel Erosion Progression

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: Archives of Oral Biology

Author(s): Vilmara Rocha Mendes da Silva, Ítallo Emídio Lira Viana, Raquel Marianna Lopes, Denise Maria Zezell, Taís Scaramucci, Ana Cecília Corrêa Aranha

Abstract

Objective

To evaluate the effect of Er,Cr:YSGG laser associated or not with acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) on the control of enamel erosion progression. Design: Enamel slabs (4 mm × 4 mm×2 mm) from bovine incisors were flattened, polished, and received a tape on their test surfaces, leaving a 4 mm x 1 mm area exposed. Specimens were eroded (10 min in 1% citric acid solution) and randomly assigned into 8 experimental groups (n = 10): Control (no treatment); F (APF gel, 1.23% F, pH 3.6-3.9); Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation (P1: 0.25 W, 20 Hz, 2.8 J/cm², 56 W/cm²); Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation (P2: 0.50 W, 20 Hz, 5.7 J/cm², 113,6 W/cm²); Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation (P3: 0.75 W, 20 Hz, 8.5 J/cm², 170,4 W/cm²); F + Laser P1; F + Laser P2; F + Laser P3. Specimens were then subjected to erosive cycling (5 min immersion in 0.3% citric acid solution, followed by immersion in artificial saliva for 60 min; 4×/day for 5 days). At the end of cycling, surface loss (SL, in μm) was determined with optical profilometry. Selected specimens were further evaluated by environmental scanning electron microscopy (n = 3). Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey tests (α = 0.05). Results: Group F + Laser P2 had the lowest SL value, differing significantly from the control; however, with no significant difference from the other groups. All groups, except F + Laser P2, showed no significant difference in SL when compared with the control. An irregular and rough surface, suggestive of a melting action of laser, was observed on enamel in Laser P2 and F + Laser P2 groups. Conclusions: Association of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser in parameter 2 with fluoride was the only treatment capable of controlling the progression of enamel erosion.

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Cellular senescence in dental pulp stem cells

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: Archives of Oral Biology

Author(s): Christian Morsczeck

Abstract

Objective

This short review summarizes our current knowledge about dental stem cell aging and about possible targets for the regulation of cellular senescence.

Design

A literature search was performed using a combination of keywords, e.g., stem cells, replicative senescence, differentiation potential, dental pulp, dental follicle and periodontal ligament

Results

Previous studies have shown that cellular senescence occurs while the proliferation of dental stem cells. Moreover, the differentiation potential was significantly decreased in senescent stem cells and senescent cells secrete also factors that are harmful to the adjacent tissue cells. Moreover, many targets for the regulation of cellular senescence are considered; for example pathways related to the nutrient sensing such as the 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway.

Conclusions

The regulation of cellular senescence will play a crucial role in the clinical use of stem cells. However, there is no cell culture protocol available that prevents dental stem cell senescence. Therefore, more knowledge about molecular processes in stem cells is needed before and after the induction of senescence.

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The impact of implant abutment surface treatment with TiO2 on peri-implant levels of angiogenesis and bone-related markers: a randomized clinical trial

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Author(s): A.L.S. Óbice, M.G. Correa, H.S. Feng, F.V. Ribeiro, F.R. Cirano, M.Z. Casati, S.P. Pimentel

Abstract

The goal of this randomized, blinded, split-mouth controlled clinical trial was to assess the influence of abutment surface treatment on tissue healing. Fifteen patients received two implants distributed randomly to two groups: test (TiO₂ abutment surface), control (standard abutment surface). Levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF), bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP-9), endothelin 1 (ET-1), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), placental growth factor (PlGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were quantified in the peri-implant fluid after 3, 14, 30, and 60 days. Inter-group comparisons indicated higher levels of EGF, BMP-9, ET-1, FGF, and PlGF in the test group after 30 days (P < 0.05). PlGF levels were also higher in the test group after 60 days. In the test group, intra-group analysis revealed different levels of ET-1 and FGF between days 3 and 30, and days 3 and 60 (P < 0.05); furthermore, VEGF levels were significantly higher on day 60 than on day 3 (P < 0.05). In the control group, intra-group analysis demonstrated significantly different levels of ET-1, FGF, and PlGF between days 3 and 60 and of PlGF between days 14 and 60 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, abutment surfaces treated with TiO₂ influenced the levels of angiogenesis and bone-related markers.

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The impact of implant abutment surface treatment with TiO2 on peri-implant levels of angiogenesis and bone-related markers: a randomized clinical trial

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Author(s): A.L.S. Óbice, M.G. Correa, H.S. Feng, F.V. Ribeiro, F.R. Cirano, M.Z. Casati, S.P. Pimentel

Abstract

The goal of this randomized, blinded, split-mouth controlled clinical trial was to assess the influence of abutment surface treatment on tissue healing. Fifteen patients received two implants distributed randomly to two groups: test (TiO₂ abutment surface), control (standard abutment surface). Levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF), bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP-9), endothelin 1 (ET-1), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), placental growth factor (PlGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were quantified in the peri-implant fluid after 3, 14, 30, and 60 days. Inter-group comparisons indicated higher levels of EGF, BMP-9, ET-1, FGF, and PlGF in the test group after 30 days (P < 0.05). PlGF levels were also higher in the test group after 60 days. In the test group, intra-group analysis revealed different levels of ET-1 and FGF between days 3 and 30, and days 3 and 60 (P < 0.05); furthermore, VEGF levels were significantly higher on day 60 than on day 3 (P < 0.05). In the control group, intra-group analysis demonstrated significantly different levels of ET-1, FGF, and PlGF between days 3 and 60 and of PlGF between days 14 and 60 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, abutment surfaces treated with TiO₂ influenced the levels of angiogenesis and bone-related markers.

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Ewing’s Sarcoma of the Sinonasal Tract: A Report of Two Challenging Cases

Abstract

Ewing's sarcoma (ES) is a malignant small round cell tumor that belongs to the primitive neuroectodermal tumor class. ES generally arises in the long bones of the extremities (skeletal form) and less frequently in the soft tissue of the trunk and extremities (extra-skeletal form). Sinonasal localization of ES is an extremely rare event. About 80% of the patients are less than 20 years old with the highest incidence in the second decade of life. The combination of histopathological examination and ancillary methods (such as immunohistochemistry and molecular genetics) is extremely important to establish the diagnosis of ES. The most effective treatment plan for ES includes a multidisciplinary approach with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This is a report of two challenging cases of sinonasal ES in two different age groups. The first case is a 13-years old female patient who presented with right nasal obstruction, anosmia, intermittent epistaxis and hearing loss. The second case is a 24-years old male patient who presented with a history of right nasal obstruction, right eye pain and periorbital edema. We present these cases due to the rarity of the disease and the difficulty of diagnosis.

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Ewing’s Sarcoma of the Sinonasal Tract: A Report of Two Challenging Cases

Abstract

Ewing's sarcoma (ES) is a malignant small round cell tumor that belongs to the primitive neuroectodermal tumor class. ES generally arises in the long bones of the extremities (skeletal form) and less frequently in the soft tissue of the trunk and extremities (extra-skeletal form). Sinonasal localization of ES is an extremely rare event. About 80% of the patients are less than 20 years old with the highest incidence in the second decade of life. The combination of histopathological examination and ancillary methods (such as immunohistochemistry and molecular genetics) is extremely important to establish the diagnosis of ES. The most effective treatment plan for ES includes a multidisciplinary approach with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This is a report of two challenging cases of sinonasal ES in two different age groups. The first case is a 13-years old female patient who presented with right nasal obstruction, anosmia, intermittent epistaxis and hearing loss. The second case is a 24-years old male patient who presented with a history of right nasal obstruction, right eye pain and periorbital edema. We present these cases due to the rarity of the disease and the difficulty of diagnosis.

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Treatment Effect of Switching from Intravenous to Subcutaneous C1-inhibitor for Prevention of Hereditary Angioedema Attacks: COMPACT Subgroup Findings

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice

Author(s): Timothy Craig, William Lumry, Marco Cicardi, Bruce Zuraw, Jonathan A. Bernstein, John Anderson, Joshua Jacobs, Marc A. Riedl, Michael E. Manning, Aleena Banerji, Richard G. Gower, Teresa Caballero, Henriette Farkas, Henrike Feuersenger, Iris Jacobs, Thomas Machnig, Hilary Longhurst, COMPACT Investigators

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Treatment Effect of Switching from Intravenous to Subcutaneous C1-inhibitor for Prevention of Hereditary Angioedema Attacks: COMPACT Subgroup Findings

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice

Author(s): Timothy Craig, William Lumry, Marco Cicardi, Bruce Zuraw, Jonathan A. Bernstein, John Anderson, Joshua Jacobs, Marc A. Riedl, Michael E. Manning, Aleena Banerji, Richard G. Gower, Teresa Caballero, Henriette Farkas, Henrike Feuersenger, Iris Jacobs, Thomas Machnig, Hilary Longhurst, COMPACT Investigators

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Information for CME Credit—Child Influenza Vaccination and Adult Work Loss: Reduced Sick Leave Use Only in Adults With Paid Sick Leave

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2

Author(s):

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Correction

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2

Author(s):

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Testing Causal Assumptions in Obesity Research

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2

Author(s): Jameson D. Voss

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Associations Between Unhealthy Weight-Loss Strategies and Depressive Symptoms

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2

Author(s): Alexander Chaitoff, Carol Swetlik, Catherine Ituarte, Elizabeth Pfoh, Ling-Ling Lee, Leslie J. Heinberg, Michael B. Rothberg

Introduction

There appears to be a link between weight loss and improved mental health, but less is known about how using unhealthy weight-loss strategies impacts the odds of reporting depression.

Methods

This study includes respondents from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2005 to 2014 who attempted to lose weight over the past year. Analysis occurred in 2017. Multivariable logistic regression was used to describe associations between all weight-loss strategies, including those grouped as unhealthy (smoking, vomiting, laxatives, skipping meals, and using diet pills), and the adjusted odds of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire–9 score ≥10). The model was then stratified by BMI, sex, race, and antidepressant use to compare the effect of using at least one unhealthy weight-loss strategy and depression within certain populations.

Results

The sample included 6,765 respondents (weighted n=59.2 million, 95% CI=55.5, 62.9 million). Of these respondents, 18.0% (n=1,270) reported using at least one unhealthy weight-loss strategy. In unadjusted analysis, unhealthy weight-loss strategies were generally associated with higher incidence and odds of reporting depression. In multivariable analysis, using at least one unhealthy weight-loss strategy was significantly associated with odds of reporting depression (AOR=1.47, 95% CI=1.14, 1.91, p<0.01). When the model was stratified, this effect was statistically significant among respondents with class I or II obsesity (AOR=2.20, 95% CI=1.56, 3.10, p<0.01); female respondents (AOR=1.46, 95% CI=1.06, 2.00, p=0.02); and respondents who did not use an antidepressant (AOR=1.57, 95% CI=1.14, 2.15, p=0.01).

Conclusions

Unhealthy weight-loss strategies are associated with increased odds of depression. This may inform screening practices and public health messaging.

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Financial Stress and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in the Jackson Heart Study

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2

Author(s): Kaitlyn E. Moran, Mark J. Ommerborn, Chad T. Blackshear, Mario Sims, Cheryl R. Clark

Introduction

Financial hardship is associated with coronary heart disease risk factors, and may disproportionately affect some African American groups. This study examines whether stress because of financial hardship is associated with incident coronary heart disease in African Americans.

Methods

The Jackson Heart Study is a longitudinal cohort study of cardiovascular disease risks in African Americans in the Jackson, Mississippi metropolitan statistical area. Participant enrollment began in 2000. Analyses were performed in 2017 and included adjudicated endpoints through December 2012. Financial stress was assessed from the Jackson Heart Study Weekly Stress Inventory and categorized into four levels: (1) did not experience financial stress, (2) no stress, (3) mild stress, and (4) moderate to high stress. Incident coronary heart disease was defined as the first event of definite or probable myocardial infarction, definite fatal myocardial infarction, definite fatal coronary heart disease, or cardiac procedure. There were 2,256 individuals in this analysis.

Results

Participants with moderate to high (versus no) financial stress were more likely to have incident coronary heart disease events after controlling for demographics, SES, access to care, and traditional clinical risk factors (hazard ratio=2.42, 95% CI=1.13, 5.17). The association between financial stress and coronary heart disease was no longer statistically significant in a model adjusting for three specific risk factors: depression, smoking status, and diabetes (hazard ratio=1.99, 95% CI=0.91, 4.39).

Conclusions

Financial stress may be an unrecognized risk factor for coronary heart disease for African Americans. Additional research should examine these associations in intervention studies that address perceived stress, in addition to other coronary heart disease risk factors, in patients experiencing financial stress.

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Information for CME Credit—Healthcare Costs of Secondhand Smoke Exposure at Home for U.S. Children

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2

Author(s):

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Author Response to “Testing Causal Assumptions in Obesity Research”

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2

Author(s): Pepita Barlow, David Stuckler, Martin McKee

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Masthead

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2

Author(s):

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Evolving “The Real Cost” Campaign to Address the Rising Epidemic of Youth E-cigarette Use

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s): Mitchell Zeller

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Identifying Potential Campaign Themes to Prevent Youth Initiation of E-Cigarettes

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s): Angeline Sangalang, Allyson C. Volinsky, Jiaying Liu, Qinghua Yang, Stella Juhyun Lee, Laura A. Gibson, Robert C. Hornik

Once a target audience and a health behavior of interest are selected for a potential mass media campaign, the next task is selecting beliefs about the health behavior to serve as the basis for campaign message content. For novel health behaviors, such as the use of emerging tobacco products, limited empirical research on beliefs about these behaviors exists. A multimethod approach was applied to generate potential campaign beliefs for emerging behaviors. Three methods were conducted in this investigation in order to generate a list of potential testable campaign beliefs, using youth e-cigarette use as a case study: (1) a search of published and unpublished literature including gathering measures from several national surveys (through 2016), (2) an online elicitation survey (conducted in 2016), and (3) unsupervised topic modeling of media texts (from 2014 to 2015, analyzed in 2016). Details are provided on how each method was employed to both generate and prioritize beliefs related to youth e-cigarette use into a final set of 115 beliefs across 23 belief themes. This multimethod approach can provide four utilities when thinking through a health campaign for novel health behaviors: (1) developing an exhaustive and complementary list of beliefs, (2) generating overarching themes and distilling larger themes into more nuanced beliefs, (3) identifying language most relevant to the target population, and (4) prioritizing beliefs for message pilot testing with members of the target audience.

Supplement information

This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of "The Real Cost," the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

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A Secondary Audience's Reactions to “The Real Cost” Advertisements: Results From a Study of U.S. Young Adult Smokers and Susceptible Nonsmokers

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s): Marissa G. Hall, Adam J. Saffer, Seth M. Noar

Introduction

Exposure to "The Real Cost" campaign has prevented smoking initiation among its target audience (U.S. youth aged 12–17 years). This study examines reactions to "The Real Cost" advertisements among a potential secondary audience: U.S. young adults.

Methods

An online convenience sample of young adult (ages 18–29 years) smokers (n=225) and susceptible nonsmokers (n=339) participated in a within-subjects experiment in 2017. Participants viewed three TV ads from "The Real Cost" campaign and reported their past exposure to, conversations about, and reactions to the ads. In 2017, analyses examined message-level and person-level predictors of perceived message effectiveness using multilevel modeling.

Results

About half of smokers (47%) and susceptible nonsmokers (51%) had seen at least one of the three ads in the past 3 months. About one in four smokers (23%) and susceptible nonsmokers (24%) had at least one conversation about the ads in the past 3 months. Susceptible nonsmokers rated the ads higher on perceived message effectiveness than smokers (p<0.01), but lower on message relevance and negative affective reactions to the ads (both p<0.05). In both samples, ads that elicited higher negative affective reactions and message relevance, and lower message reactance (i.e., resistance) received higher perceived message effectiveness ratings (all p<0.05).

Conclusions

"The Real Cost" ads have reached and generated conversations among a convenience sample of young adult smokers and susceptible nonsmokers. Increasing the perceived relevance and emotional reactions of campaigns may increase their impact. Future studies should examine reactions to "The Real Cost" campaign and effects on smoking behavior using nationally representative samples of young adults.

Supplement information

This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of "The Real Cost," the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

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“The Real Cost”: Reaching At-Risk Youth in a Fragmented Media Environment

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s): Suzanne Santiago, Caitlin Mahoney, Michael P. Murray,, Gem Benoza

In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration launched its first youth smoking prevention media campaign, "The Real Cost," with the goal of preventing cigarette smoking among at-risk youth aged 12–17 years in the U.S. This paper examines how the paid media strategy was developed, implemented, and refined between 2013 and 2016. Specifically, this paper discusses how research and best practices informed the media targeting strategy used to implement a multifaceted national campaign that successfully reached and influenced thousands of teens at risk for cigarette smoking.

Supplement information

This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of "The Real Cost," the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

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Adolescents’ Neural Response to Tobacco Prevention Messages and Sharing Engagement

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s): Rui Pei, Ralf Schmälzle, Elissa C. Kranzler, Matthew B. O'Donnell, Emily B. Falk

Introduction

Interpersonal communication can reinforce media effects on health behavior. Recent studies have shown that brain activity in the medial prefrontal cortex during message exposure can predict message-consistent behavior change. Key next steps include examining the relationship between neural responses to ads and measures of interpersonal message retransmission that can be collected at scale.

Methods

Neuroimaging, self-report, and automated linguistic measures were utilized to investigate the relationships between neural responses to tobacco prevention messages, sharing engagement, and smoking-relevant belief changes. Thirty-seven adolescent nonsmokers viewed 12 ads from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's "The Real Cost" campaign during a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan session (2015–2016). Data were analyzed between 2016 and 2017. The extent that participants talked in detail about the main message of the ads, or sharing engagement, was measured through transcripts of participants' subsequent verbal descriptions using automated linguistic coding. Beliefs about the consequences of smoking were measured before and after the main experiment using surveys.

Results

Increased brain activation in self- and value-related subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex during message exposure was associated with subsequent sharing engagement when participants verbally talked about the ads. In addition, sharing engagement was significantly associated with changes in participants' beliefs about the social consequences of smoking.

Conclusions

Neural activity in self- and value-related subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex during exposure to "The Real Cost" campaign was associated with subsequent sharing engagement, which in turn was related to social belief change. These results provide new insights into the link between neurocognitive responses to ads, the content of interpersonal sharing, and downstream health-relevant outcomes.

Supplement information

This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of "The Real Cost," the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

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Fear and Humor Appeals in “The Real Cost” Campaign: Evidence of Potential Effectiveness in Message Pretesting

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s): Xiaoquan Zhao, Maria L. Roditis, Tesfa N. Alexander

Introduction

In tobacco prevention campaigns, fear-appeal messages are widely used and generally shown to be effective, whereas the utility of humor appeals is less clear. This study compares the potential effectiveness of fear and humor ads developed for "The Real Cost" campaign.

Methods

Adolescents (N=1,315) aged 13–17 years who were either experimenting with smoking or susceptible to smoking initiation were randomized to view either a single ad (of three fear and two humor ads in total) or nothing (control condition). Those in the ad viewing condition completed measures on fear, amusement, and perceived ad effectiveness. All participants completed measures on smoking attitudes and risk perceptions. Data were collected in 2014 and 2015. Analysis was performed in 2016.

Results

Compared with control, both fear and humor ads produced greater risk perceptions (p<0.001). Fear ads also produced more negative smoking attitudes (p=0.001); humor ads had a similar effect on attitudes that approached significance (p=0.07). Fear ads scored higher on perceived ad effectiveness and fear, and lower on amusement than humor ads (p<0.001). In regression models, fear was a stronger predictor of perceived ad effectiveness, smoking attitudes, and risk perceptions than amusement for fear ads, whereas amusement was a stronger predictor of these outcomes than fear for humor ads.

Conclusions

Both fear and humor appeals have potential to be effective in "The Real Cost" campaign. Concurrent employment of these message strategies should help to diversify messaging and consistently recapture the target audience's attention.

Supplement information

This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of "The Real Cost," the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

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Lessons on Addiction Messages From “The Real Cost” Campaign

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s): Maria L. Roditis, Chaunetta Jones, Atanaska P. Dineva, Tesfa N. Alexander

Introduction

A key strategy in reducing the public health burden of cigarette smoking is preventing youth from ever becoming addicted to cigarettes in the first place. However, there is limited research exploring youth responses to addiction messages. This study assesses youths' responses to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's "The Real Cost" campaign messaging depicting addiction as a "loss of control."

Methods

Between 2013 and 2016, three focus group studies and four copy testing studies were conducted to assess reactions to advertising concepts and near-final videos. Participants were aged 12–17 years and ethnically and geographically diverse. Researchers conducted a thematic secondary analysis of focus group transcripts and open-ended survey questions from the copy testing studies. Data analysis for this study took place in 2017.

Results

Youth responded favorably to loss of control messages showing real, often short-term, consequences of addiction, such as choosing to spend money on cigarettes instead of going to a movie, and depictions of scenarios that were relatable to youth. Youth also responded favorably to messages describing how nicotine changes the brain. A portion of youth remained skeptical, stating they felt the consequences depicted were unrealistic.

Conclusions

This study shows that by framing addiction as a loss of control and tying that loss of control to short-term health and social consequences, addiction becomes more concrete and understandable, and the consequences feel more relatable and relevant to youth.

Supplement information

This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of "The Real Cost," the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

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Bringing “The Real Cost” to Life Through Breakthrough, Evidence-Based Advertising

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s): Kathleen Crosby, Suzanne Santiago, Emily C. Talbert, Maria L. Roditis, Gary Resch

Building on the success "The Real Cost" campaign has already achieved requires the constant development of new audience insights, novel ideas, and unconventional ways of bringing the campaign to life. This article provides a high-level overview of the campaign's approach to developing and testing breakthrough advertising that has proven effective in preventing smoking initiation among a skeptical, hard-to-reach, at-risk youth audience. This approach is informed by evidence-based communication best practices for youth behavior change campaigns; insights from published literature and subject matter experts with decades of experience in youth health marketing and tobacco prevention; and findings from formative research studies conducted as part of the campaign development process. The paper also explores two campaign advertisements to showcase the research-based creative development process in action. This article is a collaboration between federal government officials, campaign managers, ad agency creatives, and researchers, and thus provides a unique, multidisciplinary examination into the research and creative processes that go into creating a national health communication effort.

Supplement information

This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of "The Real Cost," the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

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Finding Pete and Nikki: Defining the Target Audience for “The Real Cost” Campaign

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s): Suzanne Santiago, Emily C. Talbert, Gem Benoza

Successfully reaching at-risk teens aged 12–17 years with smoking-prevention messages capable of changing their knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about cigarette smoking requires a multifaceted approach to understand the target audience's unique demographic, environmental, behavioral, interpersonal, and intrapersonal characteristics. This paper explores the initial target audience segmentation and insights development approach used to create the underlying message strategy for "The Real Cost" youth smoking prevention media campaign—a public education effort responsible for preventing nearly 350,000 U.S. youth aged 11–18 years from initiating smoking from 2014 to 2016.

Supplement information

This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of "The Real Cost," the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2TT9g9A

The Case and Context for “The Real Cost” Campaign

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s): April L. Brubach

Discussion of how the creation of the Center for Tobacco Products at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, youth trends in cigarette smoking, and effectiveness of mass media interventions served as the foundation for the development of "The Real Cost" youth smoking prevention media campaign. The success of the campaign demonstrates that a comprehensive regulatory approach that includes public education can reduce the public health burden of tobacco use.

Supplement information

This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of "The Real Cost," the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2DjbLfO

How the Food and Drug Administration Convinced Teens to Rethink Their Relationship With Cigarettes

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s): Kathleen Crosby

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Acknowledgments

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s):

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Information for CME Credit—Child Influenza Vaccination and Adult Work Loss: Reduced Sick Leave Use Only in Adults With Paid Sick Leave

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2

Author(s):

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Correction

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2

Author(s):

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Testing Causal Assumptions in Obesity Research

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2

Author(s): Jameson D. Voss

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Associations Between Unhealthy Weight-Loss Strategies and Depressive Symptoms

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2

Author(s): Alexander Chaitoff, Carol Swetlik, Catherine Ituarte, Elizabeth Pfoh, Ling-Ling Lee, Leslie J. Heinberg, Michael B. Rothberg

Introduction

There appears to be a link between weight loss and improved mental health, but less is known about how using unhealthy weight-loss strategies impacts the odds of reporting depression.

Methods

This study includes respondents from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2005 to 2014 who attempted to lose weight over the past year. Analysis occurred in 2017. Multivariable logistic regression was used to describe associations between all weight-loss strategies, including those grouped as unhealthy (smoking, vomiting, laxatives, skipping meals, and using diet pills), and the adjusted odds of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire–9 score ≥10). The model was then stratified by BMI, sex, race, and antidepressant use to compare the effect of using at least one unhealthy weight-loss strategy and depression within certain populations.

Results

The sample included 6,765 respondents (weighted n=59.2 million, 95% CI=55.5, 62.9 million). Of these respondents, 18.0% (n=1,270) reported using at least one unhealthy weight-loss strategy. In unadjusted analysis, unhealthy weight-loss strategies were generally associated with higher incidence and odds of reporting depression. In multivariable analysis, using at least one unhealthy weight-loss strategy was significantly associated with odds of reporting depression (AOR=1.47, 95% CI=1.14, 1.91, p<0.01). When the model was stratified, this effect was statistically significant among respondents with class I or II obsesity (AOR=2.20, 95% CI=1.56, 3.10, p<0.01); female respondents (AOR=1.46, 95% CI=1.06, 2.00, p=0.02); and respondents who did not use an antidepressant (AOR=1.57, 95% CI=1.14, 2.15, p=0.01).

Conclusions

Unhealthy weight-loss strategies are associated with increased odds of depression. This may inform screening practices and public health messaging.

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Financial Stress and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in the Jackson Heart Study

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2

Author(s): Kaitlyn E. Moran, Mark J. Ommerborn, Chad T. Blackshear, Mario Sims, Cheryl R. Clark

Introduction

Financial hardship is associated with coronary heart disease risk factors, and may disproportionately affect some African American groups. This study examines whether stress because of financial hardship is associated with incident coronary heart disease in African Americans.

Methods

The Jackson Heart Study is a longitudinal cohort study of cardiovascular disease risks in African Americans in the Jackson, Mississippi metropolitan statistical area. Participant enrollment began in 2000. Analyses were performed in 2017 and included adjudicated endpoints through December 2012. Financial stress was assessed from the Jackson Heart Study Weekly Stress Inventory and categorized into four levels: (1) did not experience financial stress, (2) no stress, (3) mild stress, and (4) moderate to high stress. Incident coronary heart disease was defined as the first event of definite or probable myocardial infarction, definite fatal myocardial infarction, definite fatal coronary heart disease, or cardiac procedure. There were 2,256 individuals in this analysis.

Results

Participants with moderate to high (versus no) financial stress were more likely to have incident coronary heart disease events after controlling for demographics, SES, access to care, and traditional clinical risk factors (hazard ratio=2.42, 95% CI=1.13, 5.17). The association between financial stress and coronary heart disease was no longer statistically significant in a model adjusting for three specific risk factors: depression, smoking status, and diabetes (hazard ratio=1.99, 95% CI=0.91, 4.39).

Conclusions

Financial stress may be an unrecognized risk factor for coronary heart disease for African Americans. Additional research should examine these associations in intervention studies that address perceived stress, in addition to other coronary heart disease risk factors, in patients experiencing financial stress.

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Information for CME Credit—Healthcare Costs of Secondhand Smoke Exposure at Home for U.S. Children

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2

Author(s):

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Author Response to “Testing Causal Assumptions in Obesity Research”

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2

Author(s): Pepita Barlow, David Stuckler, Martin McKee

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Masthead

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2

Author(s):

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Evolving “The Real Cost” Campaign to Address the Rising Epidemic of Youth E-cigarette Use

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s): Mitchell Zeller

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Identifying Potential Campaign Themes to Prevent Youth Initiation of E-Cigarettes

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s): Angeline Sangalang, Allyson C. Volinsky, Jiaying Liu, Qinghua Yang, Stella Juhyun Lee, Laura A. Gibson, Robert C. Hornik

Once a target audience and a health behavior of interest are selected for a potential mass media campaign, the next task is selecting beliefs about the health behavior to serve as the basis for campaign message content. For novel health behaviors, such as the use of emerging tobacco products, limited empirical research on beliefs about these behaviors exists. A multimethod approach was applied to generate potential campaign beliefs for emerging behaviors. Three methods were conducted in this investigation in order to generate a list of potential testable campaign beliefs, using youth e-cigarette use as a case study: (1) a search of published and unpublished literature including gathering measures from several national surveys (through 2016), (2) an online elicitation survey (conducted in 2016), and (3) unsupervised topic modeling of media texts (from 2014 to 2015, analyzed in 2016). Details are provided on how each method was employed to both generate and prioritize beliefs related to youth e-cigarette use into a final set of 115 beliefs across 23 belief themes. This multimethod approach can provide four utilities when thinking through a health campaign for novel health behaviors: (1) developing an exhaustive and complementary list of beliefs, (2) generating overarching themes and distilling larger themes into more nuanced beliefs, (3) identifying language most relevant to the target population, and (4) prioritizing beliefs for message pilot testing with members of the target audience.

Supplement information

This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of "The Real Cost," the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

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A Secondary Audience's Reactions to “The Real Cost” Advertisements: Results From a Study of U.S. Young Adult Smokers and Susceptible Nonsmokers

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s): Marissa G. Hall, Adam J. Saffer, Seth M. Noar

Introduction

Exposure to "The Real Cost" campaign has prevented smoking initiation among its target audience (U.S. youth aged 12–17 years). This study examines reactions to "The Real Cost" advertisements among a potential secondary audience: U.S. young adults.

Methods

An online convenience sample of young adult (ages 18–29 years) smokers (n=225) and susceptible nonsmokers (n=339) participated in a within-subjects experiment in 2017. Participants viewed three TV ads from "The Real Cost" campaign and reported their past exposure to, conversations about, and reactions to the ads. In 2017, analyses examined message-level and person-level predictors of perceived message effectiveness using multilevel modeling.

Results

About half of smokers (47%) and susceptible nonsmokers (51%) had seen at least one of the three ads in the past 3 months. About one in four smokers (23%) and susceptible nonsmokers (24%) had at least one conversation about the ads in the past 3 months. Susceptible nonsmokers rated the ads higher on perceived message effectiveness than smokers (p<0.01), but lower on message relevance and negative affective reactions to the ads (both p<0.05). In both samples, ads that elicited higher negative affective reactions and message relevance, and lower message reactance (i.e., resistance) received higher perceived message effectiveness ratings (all p<0.05).

Conclusions

"The Real Cost" ads have reached and generated conversations among a convenience sample of young adult smokers and susceptible nonsmokers. Increasing the perceived relevance and emotional reactions of campaigns may increase their impact. Future studies should examine reactions to "The Real Cost" campaign and effects on smoking behavior using nationally representative samples of young adults.

Supplement information

This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of "The Real Cost," the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

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“The Real Cost”: Reaching At-Risk Youth in a Fragmented Media Environment

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s): Suzanne Santiago, Caitlin Mahoney, Michael P. Murray,, Gem Benoza

In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration launched its first youth smoking prevention media campaign, "The Real Cost," with the goal of preventing cigarette smoking among at-risk youth aged 12–17 years in the U.S. This paper examines how the paid media strategy was developed, implemented, and refined between 2013 and 2016. Specifically, this paper discusses how research and best practices informed the media targeting strategy used to implement a multifaceted national campaign that successfully reached and influenced thousands of teens at risk for cigarette smoking.

Supplement information

This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of "The Real Cost," the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2DkQqTh

Adolescents’ Neural Response to Tobacco Prevention Messages and Sharing Engagement

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s): Rui Pei, Ralf Schmälzle, Elissa C. Kranzler, Matthew B. O'Donnell, Emily B. Falk

Introduction

Interpersonal communication can reinforce media effects on health behavior. Recent studies have shown that brain activity in the medial prefrontal cortex during message exposure can predict message-consistent behavior change. Key next steps include examining the relationship between neural responses to ads and measures of interpersonal message retransmission that can be collected at scale.

Methods

Neuroimaging, self-report, and automated linguistic measures were utilized to investigate the relationships between neural responses to tobacco prevention messages, sharing engagement, and smoking-relevant belief changes. Thirty-seven adolescent nonsmokers viewed 12 ads from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's "The Real Cost" campaign during a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan session (2015–2016). Data were analyzed between 2016 and 2017. The extent that participants talked in detail about the main message of the ads, or sharing engagement, was measured through transcripts of participants' subsequent verbal descriptions using automated linguistic coding. Beliefs about the consequences of smoking were measured before and after the main experiment using surveys.

Results

Increased brain activation in self- and value-related subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex during message exposure was associated with subsequent sharing engagement when participants verbally talked about the ads. In addition, sharing engagement was significantly associated with changes in participants' beliefs about the social consequences of smoking.

Conclusions

Neural activity in self- and value-related subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex during exposure to "The Real Cost" campaign was associated with subsequent sharing engagement, which in turn was related to social belief change. These results provide new insights into the link between neurocognitive responses to ads, the content of interpersonal sharing, and downstream health-relevant outcomes.

Supplement information

This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of "The Real Cost," the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2TWWQ0h

Fear and Humor Appeals in “The Real Cost” Campaign: Evidence of Potential Effectiveness in Message Pretesting

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s): Xiaoquan Zhao, Maria L. Roditis, Tesfa N. Alexander

Introduction

In tobacco prevention campaigns, fear-appeal messages are widely used and generally shown to be effective, whereas the utility of humor appeals is less clear. This study compares the potential effectiveness of fear and humor ads developed for "The Real Cost" campaign.

Methods

Adolescents (N=1,315) aged 13–17 years who were either experimenting with smoking or susceptible to smoking initiation were randomized to view either a single ad (of three fear and two humor ads in total) or nothing (control condition). Those in the ad viewing condition completed measures on fear, amusement, and perceived ad effectiveness. All participants completed measures on smoking attitudes and risk perceptions. Data were collected in 2014 and 2015. Analysis was performed in 2016.

Results

Compared with control, both fear and humor ads produced greater risk perceptions (p<0.001). Fear ads also produced more negative smoking attitudes (p=0.001); humor ads had a similar effect on attitudes that approached significance (p=0.07). Fear ads scored higher on perceived ad effectiveness and fear, and lower on amusement than humor ads (p<0.001). In regression models, fear was a stronger predictor of perceived ad effectiveness, smoking attitudes, and risk perceptions than amusement for fear ads, whereas amusement was a stronger predictor of these outcomes than fear for humor ads.

Conclusions

Both fear and humor appeals have potential to be effective in "The Real Cost" campaign. Concurrent employment of these message strategies should help to diversify messaging and consistently recapture the target audience's attention.

Supplement information

This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of "The Real Cost," the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2DjimXG

Lessons on Addiction Messages From “The Real Cost” Campaign

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s): Maria L. Roditis, Chaunetta Jones, Atanaska P. Dineva, Tesfa N. Alexander

Introduction

A key strategy in reducing the public health burden of cigarette smoking is preventing youth from ever becoming addicted to cigarettes in the first place. However, there is limited research exploring youth responses to addiction messages. This study assesses youths' responses to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's "The Real Cost" campaign messaging depicting addiction as a "loss of control."

Methods

Between 2013 and 2016, three focus group studies and four copy testing studies were conducted to assess reactions to advertising concepts and near-final videos. Participants were aged 12–17 years and ethnically and geographically diverse. Researchers conducted a thematic secondary analysis of focus group transcripts and open-ended survey questions from the copy testing studies. Data analysis for this study took place in 2017.

Results

Youth responded favorably to loss of control messages showing real, often short-term, consequences of addiction, such as choosing to spend money on cigarettes instead of going to a movie, and depictions of scenarios that were relatable to youth. Youth also responded favorably to messages describing how nicotine changes the brain. A portion of youth remained skeptical, stating they felt the consequences depicted were unrealistic.

Conclusions

This study shows that by framing addiction as a loss of control and tying that loss of control to short-term health and social consequences, addiction becomes more concrete and understandable, and the consequences feel more relatable and relevant to youth.

Supplement information

This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of "The Real Cost," the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2TSRbIC

Bringing “The Real Cost” to Life Through Breakthrough, Evidence-Based Advertising

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s): Kathleen Crosby, Suzanne Santiago, Emily C. Talbert, Maria L. Roditis, Gary Resch

Building on the success "The Real Cost" campaign has already achieved requires the constant development of new audience insights, novel ideas, and unconventional ways of bringing the campaign to life. This article provides a high-level overview of the campaign's approach to developing and testing breakthrough advertising that has proven effective in preventing smoking initiation among a skeptical, hard-to-reach, at-risk youth audience. This approach is informed by evidence-based communication best practices for youth behavior change campaigns; insights from published literature and subject matter experts with decades of experience in youth health marketing and tobacco prevention; and findings from formative research studies conducted as part of the campaign development process. The paper also explores two campaign advertisements to showcase the research-based creative development process in action. This article is a collaboration between federal government officials, campaign managers, ad agency creatives, and researchers, and thus provides a unique, multidisciplinary examination into the research and creative processes that go into creating a national health communication effort.

Supplement information

This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of "The Real Cost," the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2Djifve

Finding Pete and Nikki: Defining the Target Audience for “The Real Cost” Campaign

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s): Suzanne Santiago, Emily C. Talbert, Gem Benoza

Successfully reaching at-risk teens aged 12–17 years with smoking-prevention messages capable of changing their knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about cigarette smoking requires a multifaceted approach to understand the target audience's unique demographic, environmental, behavioral, interpersonal, and intrapersonal characteristics. This paper explores the initial target audience segmentation and insights development approach used to create the underlying message strategy for "The Real Cost" youth smoking prevention media campaign—a public education effort responsible for preventing nearly 350,000 U.S. youth aged 11–18 years from initiating smoking from 2014 to 2016.

Supplement information

This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of "The Real Cost," the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2TT9g9A

The Case and Context for “The Real Cost” Campaign

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s): April L. Brubach

Discussion of how the creation of the Center for Tobacco Products at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, youth trends in cigarette smoking, and effectiveness of mass media interventions served as the foundation for the development of "The Real Cost" youth smoking prevention media campaign. The success of the campaign demonstrates that a comprehensive regulatory approach that includes public education can reduce the public health burden of tobacco use.

Supplement information

This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of "The Real Cost," the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2DjbLfO

How the Food and Drug Administration Convinced Teens to Rethink Their Relationship With Cigarettes

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s): Kathleen Crosby

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Acknowledgments

Publication date: February 2019

Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 56, Issue 2, Supplement 1

Author(s):

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The Use of Digital Side Markers (DSMs) and Cropping in Digital Radiography

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences

Author(s): Christopher M. Hayre, Shane Blackman, Alison Eyden, Kevin Carlton

Abstract

Introduction

This article explores two phenomena in the general radiography environment—the increasing use of digital side markers (DSMs) by radiographers and the possibility for radiographers to "crop" radiographs post-exposure. This article offers originality by identifying the rationales of radiographers when using digital equipment.

Methods

This study formed part of a larger ethnographic study undertaken in the United Kingdom (UK). Participant observation and semi-structured interviews were used. Overt participant observation identified cropping and DSM placement within the X-ray room. Semi-structured interviews later supported and/or refuted the rationale for DSMs and cropping clinically.

Results

Two themes are discussed. First, radiographers support the use of DSMs by suggesting that mistakes will happen regardless of using an ASM and/or DSM. Furthermore, it is proposed that ASMs and DSMs can be interchangeably used in practice. Second, radiographers acknowledge the use of cropping ensuring their radiographs resemble "a textbook image." This leads to question the optimum use of collimation in the clinical environment and how it may go unnoticed.

Conclusion

This article concludes by recognizing some challenges digital radiography currently provides. The rationale and continuing use of DSMs and cropping of radiographs by radiographers highlights alternate complexities with digital technology in the clinical environment and how we may best overcome such challenges that influence the profession.

Résumé

Introduction

Cet article explore deux phénomènes du milieu général en radiographie: l'utilisation accrue de marqueurs latéraux numériques (DSM) par les radiographes et la possibilité de « recadrer » les radiographies après l'exposition des images. Cet article examine les justifications des radiographes par rapport à leur utilisation de l'équipement numérique.

Méthodes

Cette étude fait partie d'une plus grande étude ethnographique entreprise au Royaume-Uni (R.-U.). Les méthodes employées comprennent l'observation des participants et les entrevues semi-structurées. L'observation manifeste des participants a permis d'avoir des interactions étroites avec des radiographes tout en observant leur pratique radiographique. Vingt-deux entrevues semi-structurées, d'une durée d'environ 45 minutes chacune, ont été menées. Les réponses ont été transcrites mot à mot puis analysées par thème. Elles appuyaient ou réfutaient les observations faites par le chercheur.

Résultats

Deux thèmes ont été abordés. Premièrement, les radiographes indiquent qu'ils appuient l'utilisation des DSM puisque les erreurs sont possibles avec les deux types de marqueurs (marqueurs anatomiques latéraux [ASM] ou DSM). Ils proposent que les ASM et les DSM soient utilisés de façon interchangeable dans la pratique. Deuxièmement, les radiographes ont recours sciemment au recadrage pour donner à leurs radiographies l'apparence d'une image de manuel, ce qui nous amène à nous interroger sur l'utilisation optimale de la collimation dans le milieu clinique et sur le fait qu'elle peut passer inaperçue.

Conclusion

Cet article reconnaît que la radiographie numérique pose certains défis. La raison qui entraîne les radiographes à recourir aux DSM et le fait qu'ils continuent de s'en servir et de recadrer leurs radiographies soulignent d'autres aspects complexes de l'utilisation des technologies numériques en pratique clinique.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2RUwcI6

The Use of Digital Side Markers (DSMs) and Cropping in Digital Radiography

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences

Author(s): Christopher M. Hayre, Shane Blackman, Alison Eyden, Kevin Carlton

Abstract

Introduction

This article explores two phenomena in the general radiography environment—the increasing use of digital side markers (DSMs) by radiographers and the possibility for radiographers to "crop" radiographs post-exposure. This article offers originality by identifying the rationales of radiographers when using digital equipment.

Methods

This study formed part of a larger ethnographic study undertaken in the United Kingdom (UK). Participant observation and semi-structured interviews were used. Overt participant observation identified cropping and DSM placement within the X-ray room. Semi-structured interviews later supported and/or refuted the rationale for DSMs and cropping clinically.

Results

Two themes are discussed. First, radiographers support the use of DSMs by suggesting that mistakes will happen regardless of using an ASM and/or DSM. Furthermore, it is proposed that ASMs and DSMs can be interchangeably used in practice. Second, radiographers acknowledge the use of cropping ensuring their radiographs resemble "a textbook image." This leads to question the optimum use of collimation in the clinical environment and how it may go unnoticed.

Conclusion

This article concludes by recognizing some challenges digital radiography currently provides. The rationale and continuing use of DSMs and cropping of radiographs by radiographers highlights alternate complexities with digital technology in the clinical environment and how we may best overcome such challenges that influence the profession.

Résumé

Introduction

Cet article explore deux phénomènes du milieu général en radiographie: l'utilisation accrue de marqueurs latéraux numériques (DSM) par les radiographes et la possibilité de « recadrer » les radiographies après l'exposition des images. Cet article examine les justifications des radiographes par rapport à leur utilisation de l'équipement numérique.

Méthodes

Cette étude fait partie d'une plus grande étude ethnographique entreprise au Royaume-Uni (R.-U.). Les méthodes employées comprennent l'observation des participants et les entrevues semi-structurées. L'observation manifeste des participants a permis d'avoir des interactions étroites avec des radiographes tout en observant leur pratique radiographique. Vingt-deux entrevues semi-structurées, d'une durée d'environ 45 minutes chacune, ont été menées. Les réponses ont été transcrites mot à mot puis analysées par thème. Elles appuyaient ou réfutaient les observations faites par le chercheur.

Résultats

Deux thèmes ont été abordés. Premièrement, les radiographes indiquent qu'ils appuient l'utilisation des DSM puisque les erreurs sont possibles avec les deux types de marqueurs (marqueurs anatomiques latéraux [ASM] ou DSM). Ils proposent que les ASM et les DSM soient utilisés de façon interchangeable dans la pratique. Deuxièmement, les radiographes ont recours sciemment au recadrage pour donner à leurs radiographies l'apparence d'une image de manuel, ce qui nous amène à nous interroger sur l'utilisation optimale de la collimation dans le milieu clinique et sur le fait qu'elle peut passer inaperçue.

Conclusion

Cet article reconnaît que la radiographie numérique pose certains défis. La raison qui entraîne les radiographes à recourir aux DSM et le fait qu'ils continuent de s'en servir et de recadrer leurs radiographies soulignent d'autres aspects complexes de l'utilisation des technologies numériques en pratique clinique.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2RUwcI6

Expression of E-, P-, and N-cadherin and α-, β-, and γ-catenin with respect to invasion in ameloblastoma

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine, and Pathology

Author(s): Kaori Naruse, Masahiro Wato, Tomio Iseki, Shosuke Morita

Abstract

Ameloblastoma consists of an odontogenic epithelium and is a benign tumor without odontogenic mesenchyme. It occurs primarily in the jawbone and exhibits locally invasive growth. To clarify the factors involved in the invasion of ameloblastoma, the expression profiles of E-, P- and N-cadherin and α-, β- and γ-catenin were examined in 39 cases of ameloblastoma by immunohistochemistry. Cadherin and catenin were expressed on tumor cell membranes. Of the examined cases, 12 exhibited reduced E-cadherin expression, 12 exhibited strong P-cadherin expression, and 7 exhibited weak expression of N-cadherin. Additionally, 20 cases exhibited reduced α-catenin expression, 8 exhibited reduced β-catenin expression, and 33 cases exhibited reduced γ-catenin expression. Reduced expression of E-cadherin was associated with decreased cell adhesion, and strong expression of P-cadherin was associated with cell proliferation. Expression of N-cadherin was related to tumor invasion and suggested involvement in epithelial mesenchymal transition. In addition, reduced α-catenin in the expression region of E-cadherin suggested an abnormal function of E-cadherin. Together, these results suggest that cadherin and catenin play important roles in the development and local invasiveness of ameloblastoma.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2MoBlDj

Cyclic stretch induces decorin expression via yes-associated protein in tenocytes: A possible mechanism for hyperplasia in masticatory muscle tendon-aponeurosis hyperplasia

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine, and Pathology

Author(s): Naoki Hayashi, Tsuyoshi Sato, Megumi Yumoto, Shoichiro Kokabu, Yosuke Fukushima, Yumiko Kawata, Takeshi Kajihara, Yumi Mizuno, Yosuke Mizuno, Tetsuji Kawakami, Tadaaki Kirita, Tadayoshi Hayata, Masaki Noda, Tetsuya Yoda

Abstract

Objective

Masticatory muscle tendon-aponeurosis hyperplasia (MMTAH) is a disease which exhibits limiting mouth opening caused by hyperplasia of the tendon and aponeurosis of bilateral masticatory muscles. Although it is unclear whether hyperplasticity of tendons in MMTAH is due to cyclic stretch, we hypothesize that cyclic stretch is the main cause of force on MMTAH. In this study, we examined decorin expression in the masticatory muscle tendon of MMTAH patients. We also examined decorin (Dcn) expression of tenocytes on which stretch forces are loaded to explore whether stretch forces affect yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling and whether Dcn expression is regulated by YAP.

Methods

Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed in tendons of patients having MMTAH. Mechanical loading experiment for TT-D6 tendon fibroblastic cells using RNA interference technique was conducted.

Results

We found that Dcn expression is increased in tendons of MMTAH patients. We also showed that cyclic stretch force increases decorin expression in TT-D6 tendon fibroblastic cells and that Dcn expression is regulated via YAP in TT-D6 tendon fibroblastic cells acted upon by cyclic stretch.

Conclusions

Our results, for the first time, demonstrated that cyclic stretch induces decorin expression via YAP in tenocytes and Dcn is upregulated in tendons of MMTAH, suggesting that tendons of MMTAH were subjected to cyclic stretch conditions.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2sCzC3P

Peripheral ameloblastoma of the pterygomandibular space: A case report

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine, and Pathology

Author(s): Do-Hyun On, Min-Hye Kang, Jaeyoung Ryu, Myunghee Kang

Abstract

Peripheral ameloblastoma is a rare benign tumor of the oral and maxillofacial region with similar histologic features to central ameloblastoma. It arises from rests of odontogenic cells and epitheliums and usually found in the tooth-bearing gingival area of the jaw. We report a case of peripheral ameloblastoma in the pterygomandibular space of a 60-year-old male patient. It is important to note that the lesion occurred in the extragingival area is rarely reported. We suggest that the peripheral ameloblastoma might occur outside of the jaw and report its unique clinical features.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2Fy4Fqd

Expression of E-, P-, and N-cadherin and α-, β-, and γ-catenin with respect to invasion in ameloblastoma

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine, and Pathology

Author(s): Kaori Naruse, Masahiro Wato, Tomio Iseki, Shosuke Morita

Abstract

Ameloblastoma consists of an odontogenic epithelium and is a benign tumor without odontogenic mesenchyme. It occurs primarily in the jawbone and exhibits locally invasive growth. To clarify the factors involved in the invasion of ameloblastoma, the expression profiles of E-, P- and N-cadherin and α-, β- and γ-catenin were examined in 39 cases of ameloblastoma by immunohistochemistry. Cadherin and catenin were expressed on tumor cell membranes. Of the examined cases, 12 exhibited reduced E-cadherin expression, 12 exhibited strong P-cadherin expression, and 7 exhibited weak expression of N-cadherin. Additionally, 20 cases exhibited reduced α-catenin expression, 8 exhibited reduced β-catenin expression, and 33 cases exhibited reduced γ-catenin expression. Reduced expression of E-cadherin was associated with decreased cell adhesion, and strong expression of P-cadherin was associated with cell proliferation. Expression of N-cadherin was related to tumor invasion and suggested involvement in epithelial mesenchymal transition. In addition, reduced α-catenin in the expression region of E-cadherin suggested an abnormal function of E-cadherin. Together, these results suggest that cadherin and catenin play important roles in the development and local invasiveness of ameloblastoma.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2MoBlDj

Cyclic stretch induces decorin expression via yes-associated protein in tenocytes: A possible mechanism for hyperplasia in masticatory muscle tendon-aponeurosis hyperplasia

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine, and Pathology

Author(s): Naoki Hayashi, Tsuyoshi Sato, Megumi Yumoto, Shoichiro Kokabu, Yosuke Fukushima, Yumiko Kawata, Takeshi Kajihara, Yumi Mizuno, Yosuke Mizuno, Tetsuji Kawakami, Tadaaki Kirita, Tadayoshi Hayata, Masaki Noda, Tetsuya Yoda

Abstract

Objective

Masticatory muscle tendon-aponeurosis hyperplasia (MMTAH) is a disease which exhibits limiting mouth opening caused by hyperplasia of the tendon and aponeurosis of bilateral masticatory muscles. Although it is unclear whether hyperplasticity of tendons in MMTAH is due to cyclic stretch, we hypothesize that cyclic stretch is the main cause of force on MMTAH. In this study, we examined decorin expression in the masticatory muscle tendon of MMTAH patients. We also examined decorin (Dcn) expression of tenocytes on which stretch forces are loaded to explore whether stretch forces affect yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling and whether Dcn expression is regulated by YAP.

Methods

Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed in tendons of patients having MMTAH. Mechanical loading experiment for TT-D6 tendon fibroblastic cells using RNA interference technique was conducted.

Results

We found that Dcn expression is increased in tendons of MMTAH patients. We also showed that cyclic stretch force increases decorin expression in TT-D6 tendon fibroblastic cells and that Dcn expression is regulated via YAP in TT-D6 tendon fibroblastic cells acted upon by cyclic stretch.

Conclusions

Our results, for the first time, demonstrated that cyclic stretch induces decorin expression via YAP in tenocytes and Dcn is upregulated in tendons of MMTAH, suggesting that tendons of MMTAH were subjected to cyclic stretch conditions.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2sCzC3P

Peripheral ameloblastoma of the pterygomandibular space: A case report

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine, and Pathology

Author(s): Do-Hyun On, Min-Hye Kang, Jaeyoung Ryu, Myunghee Kang

Abstract

Peripheral ameloblastoma is a rare benign tumor of the oral and maxillofacial region with similar histologic features to central ameloblastoma. It arises from rests of odontogenic cells and epitheliums and usually found in the tooth-bearing gingival area of the jaw. We report a case of peripheral ameloblastoma in the pterygomandibular space of a 60-year-old male patient. It is important to note that the lesion occurred in the extragingival area is rarely reported. We suggest that the peripheral ameloblastoma might occur outside of the jaw and report its unique clinical features.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2Fy4Fqd

Anaesthetic breathing systems

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine

Author(s): Andrew Donnelly, Stuart Dolling

Abstract

A breathing system is a series of components that allows the delivery of oxygen and other anaesthetic gases to the patient as well as aiding in the removal of carbon dioxide. There are key elements that feature in all anaesthetic breathing systems with numerous classification systems used. The layout of individual breathing systems determines their clinical application and use. All of the above will be discussed further in this article as well as a brief summary of the use of carbon dioxide absorbers and their function.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2sBmuME

The principles of anaesthetic vaporizers

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine

Author(s): Paul Wasik, Ravi Anandampillai

Abstract

Fluorinated hydrocarbons have transformed inhalational anaesthesia, and vaporizers are essential for safe and accurate delivery of these agents. The modern day vaporizers have evolved considerably since the ether inhaler invented by John Snow in 1847 and are robust, precise and efficient. For an anaesthetist to administer safe inhalational anaesthetic, it is important to understand the physical principles of the various inhalational anaesthetic agents along with the working principles of the vaporizers. Almost all modern vaporizers are located outside the circle system and the have multiple safety mechanisms in place.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2MgAXXb

Total intravenous anaesthesia

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine

Author(s): Eoghan McGrenaghan, Ming Wilson

Abstract

Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) is a technique to induce and maintain general anaesthesia exclusively with intravenous anaesthetic agents, thereby avoiding the use of inhalational agents. It is essential that all practicing anaesthetists are competent in the delivery of TIVA and able to perform it safely. TIVA is necessitated in a wide variety of clinical situations when the delivery of inhalational agents is absolutely or relatively contraindicated; for example, in patients with malignant hyperthermia or severe postoperative nausea and vomiting. In other situations, it may not be possible or practical to deliver inhalational anaesthesia such as during patient transfer or anaesthesia for airway surgery. This article describes the use of target controlled infusion models and principles, which enable anaesthetists to deliver TIVA safely. The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland and the Society of Intravenous Anaesthesia have produced Guidelines for safe practice of TIVA in 2018.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2sAOX58

Inhalational anaesthetic agents

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine

Author(s): Emma Temple, Matt Wiles

Abstract

The continued development of anaesthetic agents since the late 18th century has paved the way for the progression of surgical techniques. Inhalational agents are used worldwide for the delivery of safe, effective anaesthesia. These include the volatile agents halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane, in addition to the anaesthetic gases nitrous oxide and xenon. Although the newer volatiles have an improved safety profile in comparison to older agents, the ideal anaesthetic agent remains elusive. It is vital for anaesthetists to understand the physical properties, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the individual inhalational anaesthetic agents so that the most appropriate agent for a patient or procedure is selected and administered correctly.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2Mk7knK

Food-Related Contact Dermatitis, Contact Urticaria, and Atopy Patch Test with Food

Abstract

A wide variety of foods may cause or aggravate skin diseases such as contact dermatitis, contact urticaria, or atopic dermatitis (AD), both in occupational and private settings. The mechanism of action underlying allergic disease to food, food additives, and spices may be immunologic and non-immunologic. The classification and understanding of these reactions is a complex field, and knowledge of the possible reaction patterns and appropriate diagnostic test methods is essential. In addition, certain foods may cause worsening of atopic dermatitis lesions in children. The atopy patch test (APT) is a well-established, clinically useful tool for assessing delayed type reactions to protein allergens in patients and may be useful to detect protein allergens relevant for certain skin diseases. The APT may even detect sensitization against allergens in intrinsic atopic dermatitis patients, who show negative skin prick test and negative in vitro IgE test results against these allergens. Native foods, SPT solutions on filter paper, and purified allergens in petrolatum have been used for APT. The European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis (ETFAD) has worked on standardizing this test in the context of AD patients, who are allergic to aeroallergens and food. This recommended, standardized technique involves test application at the upper back of children and adults; use of large, 12-mm Finn chambers; avoidance of any pre-treatment such as tape stripping or delipidation; standardized amounts of purified allergens in petrolatum; and use of the standardized ETFAD reading key. The APT may not be the best working or best standardized of all possible skin tests, but it is the best test that we currently have available in this niche.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2swb6By

Perioperative Teaching and Feedback: How are we doing in Canadian OTL-HNS programs?

Discrepancies between resident and faculty perceptions regarding optimal teaching and feedback during surgery are well known but these differences have not yet been described in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck ...

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2TWAmN2

Anaesthetic breathing systems

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine

Author(s): Andrew Donnelly, Stuart Dolling

Abstract

A breathing system is a series of components that allows the delivery of oxygen and other anaesthetic gases to the patient as well as aiding in the removal of carbon dioxide. There are key elements that feature in all anaesthetic breathing systems with numerous classification systems used. The layout of individual breathing systems determines their clinical application and use. All of the above will be discussed further in this article as well as a brief summary of the use of carbon dioxide absorbers and their function.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2sBmuME

The principles of anaesthetic vaporizers

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine

Author(s): Paul Wasik, Ravi Anandampillai

Abstract

Fluorinated hydrocarbons have transformed inhalational anaesthesia, and vaporizers are essential for safe and accurate delivery of these agents. The modern day vaporizers have evolved considerably since the ether inhaler invented by John Snow in 1847 and are robust, precise and efficient. For an anaesthetist to administer safe inhalational anaesthetic, it is important to understand the physical principles of the various inhalational anaesthetic agents along with the working principles of the vaporizers. Almost all modern vaporizers are located outside the circle system and the have multiple safety mechanisms in place.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2MgAXXb

Total intravenous anaesthesia

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine

Author(s): Eoghan McGrenaghan, Ming Wilson

Abstract

Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) is a technique to induce and maintain general anaesthesia exclusively with intravenous anaesthetic agents, thereby avoiding the use of inhalational agents. It is essential that all practicing anaesthetists are competent in the delivery of TIVA and able to perform it safely. TIVA is necessitated in a wide variety of clinical situations when the delivery of inhalational agents is absolutely or relatively contraindicated; for example, in patients with malignant hyperthermia or severe postoperative nausea and vomiting. In other situations, it may not be possible or practical to deliver inhalational anaesthesia such as during patient transfer or anaesthesia for airway surgery. This article describes the use of target controlled infusion models and principles, which enable anaesthetists to deliver TIVA safely. The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland and the Society of Intravenous Anaesthesia have produced Guidelines for safe practice of TIVA in 2018.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2sAOX58

Inhalational anaesthetic agents

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine

Author(s): Emma Temple, Matt Wiles

Abstract

The continued development of anaesthetic agents since the late 18th century has paved the way for the progression of surgical techniques. Inhalational agents are used worldwide for the delivery of safe, effective anaesthesia. These include the volatile agents halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane, in addition to the anaesthetic gases nitrous oxide and xenon. Although the newer volatiles have an improved safety profile in comparison to older agents, the ideal anaesthetic agent remains elusive. It is vital for anaesthetists to understand the physical properties, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the individual inhalational anaesthetic agents so that the most appropriate agent for a patient or procedure is selected and administered correctly.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2Mk7knK

Food-Related Contact Dermatitis, Contact Urticaria, and Atopy Patch Test with Food

Abstract

A wide variety of foods may cause or aggravate skin diseases such as contact dermatitis, contact urticaria, or atopic dermatitis (AD), both in occupational and private settings. The mechanism of action underlying allergic disease to food, food additives, and spices may be immunologic and non-immunologic. The classification and understanding of these reactions is a complex field, and knowledge of the possible reaction patterns and appropriate diagnostic test methods is essential. In addition, certain foods may cause worsening of atopic dermatitis lesions in children. The atopy patch test (APT) is a well-established, clinically useful tool for assessing delayed type reactions to protein allergens in patients and may be useful to detect protein allergens relevant for certain skin diseases. The APT may even detect sensitization against allergens in intrinsic atopic dermatitis patients, who show negative skin prick test and negative in vitro IgE test results against these allergens. Native foods, SPT solutions on filter paper, and purified allergens in petrolatum have been used for APT. The European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis (ETFAD) has worked on standardizing this test in the context of AD patients, who are allergic to aeroallergens and food. This recommended, standardized technique involves test application at the upper back of children and adults; use of large, 12-mm Finn chambers; avoidance of any pre-treatment such as tape stripping or delipidation; standardized amounts of purified allergens in petrolatum; and use of the standardized ETFAD reading key. The APT may not be the best working or best standardized of all possible skin tests, but it is the best test that we currently have available in this niche.

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2swb6By

Perioperative Teaching and Feedback: How are we doing in Canadian OTL-HNS programs?

Discrepancies between resident and faculty perceptions regarding optimal teaching and feedback during surgery are well known but these differences have not yet been described in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck ...

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2TWAmN2

Double-strand break repair through homologous recombination in autosomal recessive BCL10 deficiency

Publication date: Available online 18 January 2019

Source: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

Author(s): Sonia García-Gómez, Rebeca Chaparro, Amin Safa, Ana Van Den Rym, Rubén Martinez-Barricarte, Lazaro Lorenzo, Silvia Sánchez-Ramón, Victor Toledano, Carolina Cubillos-Zapata, Eduardo López-Collazo, Maria Dolores Martín-Arranz, Eduardo Martín-Arranz, Maria Vela, Pablo Gonzalez-Navarro, Antonio Pérez-Martínez, Jean-Laurent Casanova, Maria José Recio, Rebeca Pérez de Diego

from #Head and Neck by Sfakianakis via simeraentaxei on Inoreader http://bit.ly/2RT7HuZ

Challenges in Assessing the Efficacy of Systemic Corticosteroids for Severe Wheezing Episodes in Preschool Children

Publication date: Available online 17 January 2019

Source: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

Author(s): Theresa W. Guilbert, Leonard B. Bacharier, David T. Mauger, Wanda Phipatanakul, Stanley J. Szefler, Susan Boehmer, Avraham Beigelman, Anne M. Fitzpatrick, Daniel J. Jackson, Sachin N. Baxi, Mindy Benson, Carey-Ann D. Burnham, Michael D. Cabana, Mario Castro, James F. Chmiel, Ronina Covar, Michael Daines, Jonathan M. Gaffin, Deborah A. Gentile, Fernando Holguin

Summary

This letter addresses the controversial issue of the use of oral corticosteroids during wheezing exacerbations in preschool-aged children by demonstrating findings of a prematurely terminated multi-center clinical trial, discussing lessons learned, and suggesting future directions.

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