Immunomodulatory Effects of 17β-Estradiol on Epithelial Cells during Bacterial Infections. J Immunol Res. 2018;2018:6098961 Authors: Medina-Estrada I, Alva-Murillo N, López-Meza JE, Ochoa-Zarzosa A Abstract The innate immune system can function under hormonal control. 17β-Estradiol (E2) is an important sexual hormone for the reproductive cycle of mammals, and it has immunomodulatory effects on epithelial cells, which are the first line of defense against incoming bacteria. E2 regulates various pathophysiological processes, including the response to infection in epithelial cells, and its effects involve the regulation of innate immune signaling pathways, which are mediated through estrogen receptors (ERs). E2 modulates the expression of inflammatory and antimicrobial...
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