Biofilm-Leukocyte Cross-Talk: Impact on Immune Polarization and Immunometabolism

Biofilms are bacterial communities contained within an extracellular matrix, which can colonize both native tissues and artificial surfaces. In particular, indwelling medical devices and prosthetic implants are targets for biofilm formation because they facilitate bacterial attachment via host proteins that coat the foreign body. Biofilm infections are particularly challenging to treat, since they are not readily cleared by antibiotics, require invasive procedures to eradicate, and are prone to recurrence. It has been demonstrated that biofilm-derived products can actively suppress proinflammatory immune responses, as evident by the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and macrophage (M Ф) polarization towards an anti-inflammatory state. Recent studies have shown that alteratio...

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