A Quantitative Analysis of Factors Influencing Lower Lid Retraction and Involutional Ectropion

Laxity of the eyelid can be evaluated by a subjective assessment during manipulation and distraction, using procedures such as the "pinch test" and "snap back test".1 To our knowledge, no study has objectively measured the force exerted to induce eyelid malposition during such testing. We conducted a quantitative analysis to record the minimum force that can induce lower eyelid ectropion and displacement in four different demographic groups (age, gender, race, and orbital vectors).

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