Personalized 3D-Printed Transparent Liver Model Using the Hepatobiliary Phase MRI: Usefulness in the Lesion-by-Lesion Imaging-Pathologic Matching of Focal Liver Lesions—Preliminary Results

Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of a personalized, 3-dimensional (3D)–printed, transparent liver model with focal liver lesions (FLLs) for lesion-by-lesion imaging-pathologic matching. Materials and Methods This preliminary, prospective study was approved by our institutional review board, and written informed consent was obtained. Twenty patients (male-to-female ratio, 13:7; mean age, 56 years) with multiple FLLs, including at least one presumed malignant, or an indeterminate lesion 10 mm or less on the preoperative gadoxetic acid–enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), were included. After digital segmentation of hepatobiliary phase MRI, a transparent, 3D-printed liver model with colored anatomical structures and FLLs was produced. During the gross examination of the liver specimen, the per-lesion detection rates were compared between those without (routine protocol) and those with the aid of the 3D-printed liver model. Results Among 98 MRI-detected FLLs (11.5 ± 12.5 mm), the per-lesion detection rate on gross examination using the 3D-printed liver model was 99.0% (97/98), which was significantly higher than that obtained on routine examination (82.7% [81/98]; P

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