Ethnic considerations in the upper lip bite test: the reliability and validity of the upper lip bite test in predicting difficult laryngoscopy in Koreans

Abstract

Background

Several methods have been used to predict difficult tracheal intubation. Among recently suggested methods, the upper lip bite test (ULBT) could serve as a good predictor. Soft tissue and skeletal hard tissue profiles are affected by many factors including ethnicity. We aimed to assess the clinical utility of the ULBT in Koreans while considering ethnic differences.

Methods

Three-hundred-forty-four Korean patients undergoing general anesthesia with orotracheal intubation were included. Preoperatively, we recorded the patient's Modified Mallampati (MMT) classification, ULBT ratings, and the Cormack–Lehane grade.

Results

The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was lower for the ULBT than the MMT (95% confidence interval: 0.0697–0.191, p < 0.0001). The ULBT showed high accuracy (73.83%) and specificity (98.04%). On the other hand, the ULBT showed significantly lower sensitivity (4.49%). Only nine of 344 Korean patients could not bite their upper lip; among them, only three presented a difficult laryngoscopic view.

Conclusions

One factor related to the low sensitivity is the low incidence of a grade III ULBT in Koreans. In Asians, the scarcity of a grade III ULBT is explainable as a result of anteriorly displaced temporomandibular joints and redundant lip soft tissues. Despite its high specificity, the low sensitivity and AUC of the ULBT mean that the test results should be interpreted cautiously in Koreans. Ethnic differences should be considered when evaluating parameters related to soft tissues such as the ULBT.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01908218, Date of registration JUL 2013.

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