Thinking theta and alpha: Mechanisms of intuitive and analytical reasoning

Publication date: Available online 22 January 2019

Source: NeuroImage

Author(s): Chad C. Williams, Mitchel Kappen, Cameron D. Hassall, Bruce Wright, Olave E. Krigolson

Abstract

Humans have a unique ability to engage in different modes of thinking. Intuitive thinking (coined System 1, see Kahneman¹) is fast, automatic, and effortless whereas analytical thinking (coined System 2) is slow, contemplative, and effortful. We extend seminal pupillometry research examining these modes of thinking by using electroencephalography (EEG) to decipher their respective underlying neural mechanisms. We demonstrate that System 2 thinking is characterized by an increase in frontal theta EEG power indicative of the engagement of cognitive control and working memory processes whereas System 1 thinking is characterized by an increase in parietal alpha EEG power reflecting a release of attentional resources and autonomic access to long-term memory. Consider our results in terms of an example - a child may need cognitive control and working memory when contemplating a mathematics problem yet an adult can drive a car with little to no attention by drawing on easily accessed memories. Importantly, the unravelling of intuitive and analytical thinking mechanisms and their neural signatures will provide insight as to how different modes of thinking drive our everyday lives.

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