Vocal fold nodules in children

Purpose of review Vocal nodules are a common presentation in children, representing the most common cause of dysphonia. Recent findings Children with siblings, ADHD, and of male sex are most likely to be affected. Female children, however, tend to have more likely progression into adolescence. Quality-of-life indices can aid in screening for vocal nodules whereas stroboscopy, and possibly, ultrasound are required for definitive diagnosis. Summary Management has not significantly changed over time and should begin with conservative behavioral and environmental modifications along with voice therapy in those more severely impacted. Though immediate outcomes vary somewhat depending on management direction, the overall prognosis seems to be good even with lack of intervention. It is most critical to ensure a definitive diagnosis, and offer management therapies that are appropriate for the level of impact the vocal nodules have on communication and voice production in the child. Correspondence to Pamela Mudd, MD, MBA, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA. Tel: +1 202 476 4852; e-mail: pmudd@cnmc.org Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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