The ideal intercostal space for internal mammary vessel exposure during total rib-sparing microvascular breast reconstruction: A critical evaluation

Total rib-preserving free flap breast reconstruction (RP-FFBR) using internal mammary vessel (IMV) recipients usually involves vessel exposure in the 2nd or 3rd intercostal spaces (ICS). Although the 3rd is more commonly used no direct comparisons between the two have hitherto been performed.

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